It was a summer of fiery town halls as attendees clashed over Trump, immigration, Gaza and Medicaid

With political tensions running high, the vast majority of congressional lawmakers steered clear of town halls this summer. The handful who entered the lion’s den were met with boos, jeers and tense confrontations.

President Donald Trump and the Republicans may have full control of Washington, but protesters spared neither political party. At 25 town halls across the country that were viewed or attended by NBC News this summer, voters pressured Democrats to deploy more aggressive tactics as they battle Trump and took them to task over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

Meanwhile, Republicans faced hostile crowds over their support for Trump’s “big, beautiful bill,” his nationwide immigration crackdown and Trump’s deployment of federal forces to Washington, D.C., in what he has called an effort to crack down on crime.

The hostile tone is not a huge surprise, given that town halls tend to attract fired-up activists who want nothing more than to turn up the heat on their elected officials. But these public events provide a snapshot of our nation’s white-hot politics in the first quarter of Trump’s tumultuous second term.

Trump immigration moves flare up

“Alligator Alcatraz,” masked agents carrying out ICE raids, third-country deportations: Anger at Trump’s immigration blitz was palpable at town halls across the country, in districts represented by both Democrats and Republicans.

It was the central focus of questions at Wisconsin GOP Rep. Bryan Steil’s town hall in late July, as attendees lambasted the congressman’s efforts to blame former President Joe Biden’s policies for the country’s immigration problems.

“What I see happening to our immigrant population embarrasses me, and you have not raised a voice to complain about it,” one attendee told Steil. “Where do I see your leadership? I see no leadership. I see following Trump 100% of the time.”

The biggest crowd reactions of the night came in response to Steil’s introductory remarks celebrating border security, which then prompted an attendee to shout, “We are all immigrants.”

In Virginia in late July, frustrations surrounding the Trump administration’s handling of immigration pulled focus away from Social Security and Medicaid at Democratic Rep. Jennifer McClellan’s town hall geared toward senior citizens.

While McClellan directed attendees to keep their questions geared toward senior issues, the audience asked more questions about immigration than any other subject, expressing concerns about deportations and immigration raids. Among the only times McClellan drew applause where when she condemned the Trump administration’s handling of deportations and its use of “Alligator Alcatraz,” a migrant detention center in Florida that a federal judge has ordered closed.

“I hope that when we enforce our immigration policy — whether it’s who we detain, who we deport — that we do so consistent with American values of due process and compassion,” McClellan said.

Following the town hall in North Chesterfield, McClellan told NBC News she had expected immigration to be a recurring topic because of recent ICE activity in her district.

“There’s been so much ICE activity here in Chesterfield County that’s impacted people of all ages,” McClellan said, adding that “people of all walks of life have … reached out and said they’re concerned about it.”

Democrats’ focus on GOP Medicaid cuts seems to be working

A month after Trump signed his sweeping “big, beautiful bill” into law, its nearly $1 trillion in Medicaid cuts, and health care more broadly, dominated some GOP town halls — a sign that Democrats’ early messaging on the legislation is having its desired effect.

Rep. Mike Flood, R-Neb., said his office had been inundated with calls about the cuts in the bill he voted for, so he decided to address the issue head-on during a town hall in Lincoln on Aug. 4.

“Medicaid, Medicaid, Medicaid, Medicaid — that was the No. 1 issue,” Flood, the chairman of Republicans’ Main Street Caucus, told NBC News.

He said he spent a good deal of his event trying to explain to people on Medicare — which provides health care for seniors, while Medicaid is for low-income people — that their coverage would not be cut under the GOP legislation. “It didn’t touch Medicare,” he told attendees.

The law imposes new 80-hour-per-month work requirements for able-bodied adults, ages 19 to 64, who receive Medicaid benefits.

“They’ve got the bejesus scared out of them,” Flood said in a phone interview, referring to what he described as an audience of mostly seniors. “They think that they’re going to lose their health care, you know? And that’s not the case.”

Flood conceded to the audience at the University of Nebraska that the Trump bill wasn’t perfect but argued it cut taxes, would “provide certainty” for Americans and “protects Medicaid” by shoring up the program. Responding to other questions, Flood said one way to bring down the cost of health insurance was to “not have as many people on Medicaid.” He also told the crowd the country “can’t afford” Medicare for All.

Some replied by chanting “Yes, you can!” while others booed and jeered Flood.

Across the country in another college town, Chico, California, Republican Rep. Doug LaMalfa was also getting an earful about the Medicaid cuts in Trump’s big bill. LaMalfa responded by echoing GOP leaders, who have insisted the tax and spending cuts act doesn’t cut Medicaid but simply “reforms” it.

“There’s not cuts for Medicaid,” LaMalfa said, sparking an emotional reaction from the crowd.

The new work requirements and other changes are projected to cut nearly $1 trillion in federal Medicaid spending over a decade, according to the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office.

One attendee named Cecilia, who said she was a constituent from Chico, stayed with the Medicaid topic and came prepared with statistics. “How do you justify voting yes on the big, ugly bill,” she said, using a Democratic nickname for the Trump bill, “knowing that 43% of your constituents — the highest of any California congressional district — received Medicaid and other government assistance?”

LaMalfa, who represents a safe GOP district and held five town halls over the summer recess, replied that changes to the Trump law could be made in the future. That would be an uphill fight, however, given how difficult it was for Republicans to pass the Trump legislation on a party-line basis.

“OK, so this bill is not going to be the be all, end all. … It’s not the end of the discussion. It’s not the end of the legislation,” LaMalfa said.

“That’s bulls—!” one attendee shot back.

Democrats feel the heat on the party’s direction after Trump’s win

Democratic lawmakers were also pressed about the direction of their party at several town halls. Attendees asked how Democrats will combat Trump’s agenda and turn the party’s trajectory around following the 2024 presidential election loss.

“There’s no one running to save us,” Rep. Joe Neguse, D-Colo., said of the Democratic Party to a crowd in Steamboat Springs. “There is no panacea. There’s no master plan. It is about doing the work, developing and building coalitions.”

At several town halls, fellow Colorado Democrat and gubernatorial candidate Sen. Michael Bennet said that the Democratic Party “should have never lost” the 2024 presidential election and called Trump’s victory “catastrophic.”

Bennet added that Democrats must run on more than just opposition to Trump.

“He’s not doing anything, basically, that he didn’t promise to do when he was running for office, which is part of the problem, when he built a majority coalition to get elected president and we couldn’t stop it. Knowing what we know about it sitting in this room … we have to ask ourselves, ‘Why are we not able to build a governing coalition to beat them either time?’” Bennet said.

In Michigan, before an audience of mostly white seniors in a Republican district represented by Rep. Bill Huizenga, Sen. Elissa Slotkin, D-Mich., warned that young people are “disillusioned” and feel “left out” of Democratic politics. She emphasized that Democrats want to see a “new generation of leaders,” pointing to Zohran Mamdani, the Democratic nominee for mayor in New York City.

“[Democrats] are willing to take someone new, or that they may not know a ton about, rather than the kind of warmed-over leftovers, right? And so, I think, to me, that signal couldn’t be sent any clearer,” she said.

A Dem town hall is shut down over Gaza crisis

The political handling of the ongoing war in Gaza continues to haunt Democrats, as constituents across the country continuously interrupted town halls to voice their anger at U.S. politicians for not doing more — and in one case, shut down the town hall.

Rep. Adam Smith, D-Wash., canceled his town hall after nine pro-Palestinian protesters “took over the stage, shouting and disrupting” the ongoing event, according to the Renton Police Department. Smith posted on X that the behavior displayed by the protesters was “unacceptable,” calling it a “coordinated” effort “to shut down public dialogue” and alleging that one of his staff was “was physically assaulted during the chaos.”

Three protesters at Smith’s event were later arrested on trespassing charges, police said.

A day later in Rhode Island, Sen. Jack Reed, D-R.I., and Rep. Seth Magaziner, D-R.I., held a joint, two-hour town hall where they faced consistent disruptions and questions about their stances on Israel and Gaza.

In July, Reed voted in favor of a resolution introduced by Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., to prohibit the sale of certain assault rifles to Israel, but he voted against a second Sanders resolution that applied to bomb sales, which attendees reminded Reed of — through shouts of “but not bombs” when the Rhode Island senator highlighted his vote.

Magaziner didn’t say how he would vote if a bill banning arms to Israel reached the House floor. Instead, he told the heated audience that he would “judge it through the lens of, how do we end the atrocities? What is the most effective way to do that?” — an answer that did not seem to satisfy the crowd.

Rep. Steven Cohen, D-Tenn., criticized Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during a Memphis town hall, mentioning that he did not attend Netanyahu’s addresses to Congress in 2015 or 2024, and adding he has “no respect” for the Israeli leader.

However, Cohen faced boos when he declined to say outright that there is a genocide in Gaza, instead saying the situation “has some aspects of a genocide.”

“There is a definition of genocide,” Cohen said. “Whether all the aspects are met. I do not know.”

Despite her staunchly progressive and pro-Palestinian record, Rep. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., still faced shouts of “shame” and “you are wrong” for not denouncing defensive aid for Israel during her Seattle town hall in early August.

Physical clashes but no major security breach

The June assassination of former Minnesota House Speaker Melissa Hortman put lawmakers in both parties on edge. Security was top of mind for many lawmakers who opted to hold town halls.

At their August events, they faced a barrage of boos and heckles, and were shouted down; Flood said he was greeted with middle fingers. But for the most part, the protests were peaceful.

But there was one major clash between protesters and security at the end of a town hall hosted by freshman Rep. Wesley Bell, D-Mo., who sparred with pro-Palestinian attendees throughout the two-hour event over his support for Israel.

“I’m a Missouri congressman, and the ‘M’ doesn’t stand for the Middle East,” said Bell, who ousted progressive Rep. Cori Bush, D-Mo., in a primary last year.

As the St. Louis town hall ended, officials tried to clear the room, but some refused to leave. Video posted on social media shows police and private security personnel hired by Bell shoving protesters to the ground and grabbing one by the neck and hair.

The St. Louis Police Department said on X that “many” of the officers involved were not members of its department, so it couldn’t discuss tactics. The department said it was not aware of any arrests. Asked about the altercation, a Bell spokesperson sent NBC News a statement that did not mention it explicitly: “Despite the efforts of the protestors, he found it gratifying to engage with his constituents on the most pressing issues in their lives, and he will not shy away from holding more town halls in the future.”

Before holding a series of town halls in Oklahoma, GOP Rep. Josh Brecheen warned on X that anyone disrupting his events would be asked to leave or removed by law enforcement.

Flood, the Nebraska Republican, takes a different approach. He said he follows security guidance from the House sergeant at arms whenever he hosts public events and that he coordinated with University of Nebraska police, who sent several officers to the town hall. But he told officers that he didn’t want people removed from the town hall if they were expressing their opinion.

“People are literally screaming, flipping me off. They are jumping up and down. They are standing with their back to me,” Flood recounted. “None of those folks get asked to leave.”

GOP Rep. Barry Moore, who is running for the Senate in Alabama, was also heckled and shouted down during his Wednesday town hall in Daphne. Things got really tense 40 minutes into the event, after Moore said noncitizens are not protected by “due process.”

“False! Lies! … Shame! Shame!” attendees shouted at him.

Without saying another word, Moore withdrew to the back of the room, then slipped out a back door.

“Bye, Felicia!” a man yelled at Moore.